A ciência por trás dos sonhos estranhos e assustadores

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http://www.ciencia-online.net/2012/11/a-ciencia-por-tras-dos-sonhos-estranhos.html
O reino do sono e dos sonhos tem sido associado a estranheza: presságios ou símbolos, impulsos inconscientes e medos. Mas neste mundo, às vezes perturbador, de agitação interna, medos e desejos baseia-se na nossa experiência do dia-a-dia, dizem pesquisadores do sono.

"A estrutura e o conteúdo do pensamento parece-se muito com a estrutura e o conteúdo do sonho. Eles podem ser o produto de uma mesma máquina", disse Matthew Wilson, neurocientista do MIT. A sua obra explora a ligação crucial entre os sonhos e a aprendizagem e memória.

Os sonhos permitem que o cérebro trabalhe através das suas experiências conscientes. Durante o sono, o cérebro parece aplicar a mesma maquinaria neurológica usada durante o dia para examinar o passado, os aspectos do futuro e outros aspectos do mundo interior de uma pessoa (ou animal) durante a noite. A memória é a manifestação deste mundo interior, disse Wilson.

"O que me lembro é o resultado dos sonhos, em vez de o contrário", disse ele. A sua obra, e do seu companheiro Erin Wamsley, cientista do sono no Beth Israel Medical Center / Harvard Medical School, centra-se na relação entre memória e sonhos em sono não-REM. Sonhos vívidos ocorrem frequentemente durante o sono REM, nomeado com o movimento rápido dos olhos associado a ele, no entanto, o sono não-REM também traz sonhos, mas são mais fragmentadas.

Num estudo publicado na revista Current Biology, em abril de 2010, ele e seus colegas descobriram que os sujeitos do estudo que entraram no sono não-REM e sonhavam com um jogo de vídeo com um labirinto que tinham jogado horas antes viram o seu desempenho aumentar dramaticamente mais do que aqueles que dormiam, mas não relataram quaisquer sonhos relacionados ao labirinto. De igual forma, pensar no labirinto enquanto acordados não melhorou o desempenho dos jogadores.

Embora este trabalho se concentrasse no sono não-REM, a incorporação da aprendizagem acontece em todos os estágios do sono, disse Wamsley. Wamsley também usou um outro jogo de vídeo, este de esqui, para investigar a relação entre os sonhos e a aprendizagem. Como o labirinto, este jogo foi planeado para ser interativo e emocionante para os sujeitos.

Indivíduos relataram os seus sonhos depois de jogar e, inicialmente, os seus sonhos colocavam-nos diretamente de volta para o jogo, como ensaiando. Mas, como eles caíram no sono mais profundo, os seus sonhos tornaram-se mais extrativos com relação menos literal ao jogo. Isto pode ser devido a um sono mais profundo, onde o cérebro tenta extrair significado da experiência no início do dia. 

Wilson está também a sonhar com labirintos, mas esses labirintos são reais. Por acidente, Wilson descobriu que quando os ratos adormecem, partes dos seus cérebros reproduzem a experiência num labirinto. Usando eléctrodos finos para espiar a atividade de neurónios individuais no hipocampo, uma região do cérebro associada à memória espacial, ele viu isso acontecer.

Neurónios individuais em ratos e seres humanos "ativam o hipocampo em resposta a localização espacial, de modo que cada vez que um rato passa de um certo ponto dentro do labirinto de ativa-se um único neurónio  Assim que os ratos adormeceram, Wilson verificou que esses neurónios disparavam como se fossem reativados em padrões que representam segmentos breves do labirinto, que pode ser executado para a frente ou para trás.

No futuro, a ciência pode desenvolver formas de controlar funções cognitivas melhoradas pelo sono "usando o sono e os sonhos como uma ferramenta que pode ser usada para aprender e ensinar e ao mesmo tempo estarmos conscientes", disse ele. Num estudo, ele e os colegas manipularam com sucesso o conteúdo dos sonhos dos ratos com um tom que haviam usado anteriormente para dirigir os animais enquanto caminhavam num labirinto. O tom fez com que os ratos sonhassem com a secção do labirinto, eles foram ensinados a associar-se a esse tom.


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